Positive Health Online

Ret Finger Protein (RFP): A Hidden Molecular Switch That Fuels Obesity

Researchers identify RFP protein as a key driver of fat cell formation, opening paths to future obesity-related treatments

Identifying the molecular basis of obesity has been a cornerstone in metabolic research. Building on this, a research team from Chonnam National University Medical School, Republic of Korea, discovered a new role of Ret finger protein (RFP) in driving fat cell formation and metabolism. They found that mice lacking RFP resisted weight gain and had better metabolic profile even on a high-fat diet –highlighting RFP as a promising target for obesity and related metabolic diseases.

Obesity is one of the greatest burdens of global public health. One major factor that drives obesity is excessive fat accumulation. Despite decades of research, the biological processes that trigger this abnormal fat accumulation remain unclear, pointing towards hidden molecular mechanisms that push the body toward obesity.

Shedding light on these mechanisms, a research team led by Professor Hyun Kook from the Department of Pharmacology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Republic of  Korea, has now identified a new contributing factor for obesity: Ret finger protein (RFP). While RFP was previously only known for its role in genetic regulation and skeletal muscle differentiation, its involvement in fat metabolism was unknown until now.

In their new study, the researchers demonstrate how RFP plays a central role in adipogenesis, a process through which precursor cells mature into fat-storing cells (adipocytes). The study was conducted in collaboration with researchers from the Chonnam University Research Institute of Medical Science, the Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering at Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, and the College of Medicine at Yeungnam University, Republic of Korea. The findings were made available online on September 18, 2025, and published in Volume 57 of the journal Experimental & Molecular Medicine on October 06, 2025.[1]

“We discovered that RFP behaves like a hidden accelerator for obesity,” explains Prof. Kook. “When RFP levels are high, fat cells form and expand much more easily, and when RFP is absent, the body resists weight gain, even under a high-fat diet.”

The effect of RFP was demonstrated using mice models and various cell culture tests. When mice lacking RFP were fed a high-fat diet, they showed dramatic protection against diet-induced obesity. While normal mice turned obese under the diet, the RFP-deficient mice gained significantly less weight, accumulated far less fat, and maintained smaller adipocytes, despite identical high-fat feeding. Additionally, the RFP-deficient mice also showed improved glucose tolerance, enhanced insulin sensitivity, and lower circulating lipids, suggesting broader metabolic benefits.

Notably, the researchers also confirmed the relevance of this effect in humans. The RFP expression was found to be elevated even in human adipose tissue obtained from the abdomen of obese individuals. This indicated that the effect extended to humans beyond mice .

To understand how RFP promotes adiposity, the researchers further investigated its molecular mechanisms. They found that RFP interacts directly with PPAR-γ, the master transcription factor (a special protein that governs adipocyte differentiation through gene regulation). By modulating PPAR-γ  transcriptional activity, RFP increases the expression of fat cell-generating genes such as AP2 and adiponectin which drives cells towards greater fat storage.

“The mechanism connects everything,” says Prof. Kook. “RFP strengthens PPAR-γ signaling, pushing adipogenesis or fat cell formation forward. Without RFP, fat cell formation is suppressed and the metabolic profile improves.”

The findings hold great significance for global health. While most of the current obesity treatments only target appetite or energy consumption, targeting RFP could be an effective approach because it controls fat accumulation at its most fundamental source. Therefore, blocking RFP may prevent excessive fat buildup long before the metabolic disease develops.

In the long run, the researchers envision innovative RFP-targeted therapies that not only improve weight regulation but also mitigate metabolic complications – paving the way to a healthier future.

Reference

1. Lee YG, Jeong, A. Lim, Y. et al. Ret finger protein deficiency attenuates adipogenesis in male mice with high fat diet-induced obesity. Exp. Mol Med 57, 2052–2066. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-025-01553-7        

About the Institute

Chonnam National University Medical School is part of Chonnam National University, which has its campus in Hwasun, South Korea. The medical school focuses on molecular and cellular biomedical research and translating discoveries into clinical care. It operates with the mission to nurture medical professionals of moral character, equipped to address health challenges through knowledge, skill, and research, and holds a vision to advance medicine and improve human health through top-tier treatment, education, and innovation, aiming to become a global leader in medical science.  https://global.jnu.ac.kr/jnumain_en.aspx

About the Author

Dr Hyun Kook MD PhD is a Professor of Pharmacology at Chonnam National University Medical School and a leading investigator in cardiovascular epigenetics and remodeling research. He heads the Medical Research Center for Innovative Control of Cardiovascular Remodeling Diseases and has dedicated more than three decades to studying posttranslational regulation in heart and muscle diseases. Dr Kook is an elected member of both the National Academy of Medicine of Korea and the National Academy of Sciences and Technologies of Korea. In addition to his scientific career, he is also an internationally recognized choral composer whose works are performed worldwide.

A Glass of Red Wine this Christmas could be Good for You, Says Expert. It’s ‘The French Paradox’!

A leading specialist in medically supervised alcohol reduction says moderate wine consumption this Christmas could actually reduce your risk of heart disease. Scientists call this ‘The French Paradox’. It could also balance your cholesterol levels and reduce your risk of cancer. However, the key is moderation.

Every Christmas, the media warns about overindulging in food and alcohol. However, Sinclair Method UK Ltd – a leading expert in alcohol reduction – notes that red wine offers potential health benefits when consumed in moderation. These benefits may include a reduced risk of serious conditions like heart disease, high cholesterol and cancer.

Harvey Bhandal MD Sinclair Method UK, which specialises in medically supervised alcohol reduction, explains:

“Light to moderate red wine consumption has been suggested as a reason behind “The French Paradox” –  the observation that France has lower rates of coronary heart disease compared to other Western nations, despite a diet higher in total and saturated fats. Research published in the journal Molecules concludes that moderate red wine intake might have protective effects on the heart.

“While LDL or ‘bad’ cholesterol carries fats into arteries and contributes to plaque buildup, HDL or ‘good’ cholesterol helps remove fat from blood vessels, preventing blockages. The paper highlights evidence showing that light to moderate alcohol intake is linked with higher HDL levels and can even help prevent artery damage caused by high LDL. Red wine may also improve the function of cells lining the blood vessels, keeping blood circulation flowing smoothly.

“Supporting this view, a separate study published in Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases reports that moderate red wine consumption offers multiple health advantages. Notably, moderate alcohol use among healthy adults correlates with reduced overall mortality compared to abstainers or heavy drinkers.

“Red wine is also rich in antioxidants. A study in the International Journal of Molecular Sciences confirms that polyphenols –  antioxidant compounds found in red wine –  may inhibit cancer cell formation and tumour growth. Interestingly, red wine demonstrated stronger anticancer activity than white wine.

“Red wine also contains vitamins and minerals. While no one suggests that a glass of Merlot counts as one of your five daily servings of fruit and vegetables, it does provide 0.2 mg of manganese (about 10% of your daily requirement), along with small amounts of iron, magnesium, phosphorus and potassium.

“Of course, moderation is essential. Any benefits of wine or other alcohol are negated when consumed in excess. Long-term heavy drinking increases the risks of heart disease, liver problems and cancer.

“For those struggling to cut back, The Sinclair Method (TSM) is an established approach involving prescription medication alongside coaching and counselling. This treatment, which has helped 80% of participants reduce problem drinking, combines peer support and medical oversight. Patients take a non-addictive opioid blocker called naltrexone before drinking, which reduces alcohol’s pleasurable effects and gradually retrains the brain's reward pathways through ‘pharmacological extinction’.

“Sinclair Method UK Ltd provides personalised care, including direct access to a private GP and individual coaching for three to six months. Support is delivered via phone or video call, prescriptions are issued as needed and all services are handled confidentially.

“Sinclair Method UK’s founders worked closely with Dr Roy Eskapa, a collaborator of Dr. David Sinclair, whose groundbreaking research inspired this approach. Due to these ties, Sinclair Method UK Ltd is uniquely authorised to use The Sinclair Method’s brand and trademark in the UK. For more information, visit: https://www.sinclairmethoduk.com

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Doctors Warn of Christmas and New Year Cystitis Surge

Doctors are warning of a Christmas and New Year cystitis surge, as festive party-season habits take their toll on women’s bladder health. Alcohol, dehydration, late nights, disrupted bathroom routines, tight party wear and increased intimacy can all irritate the bladder, triggering painful symptoms right in the middle of celebrations.

Women’s health GP Dr Janine David says these well-known festive triggers mean many women experience burning, urgency and discomfort during Christmas gatherings and New Year celebrations themselves. With one in three women developing a UTI during their lifetime, cystitis often strikes at the worst possible time.

Dr David offers tips on reducing risk and managing symptoms over the festive period. For those who do develop cystitis, Effercitrate Tablets provide fast, over-the-counter relief without a prescription by helping to make the urine more alkaline and soothe irritation.

Festive Fun Without the Bladder Burn – Top Tips To Avoid UTIs This Party Season

Health experts are warning that certain end-of-year festive lifestyle activities can act as triggers for UTIs and cystitis.

Dr Janine David, Women’s Health expert and adviser to Effercitrate Tablets, says: “Party season brings together people, but it also brings together late nights, alcohol, dehydration, lower immune systems, and sexual encounters. All of which can increase the risk of UTI or cystitis.

“There’s nothing worse than encountering a bout of cystitis during party season, meaning either missing out on the social occasions, or trying your best to get through the night with an irritated bladder and painful stomach.”

Tips for a Bladder-Friendly Festive Season

• Water is your friend: During the festive season, the amount of alcohol drunk may go up. This can lead to dehydration. Drinking plenty of water strengthens your urine flow and makes it harder for bacteria to cling to the bladder and urinary tract – and with the toilet trips, you will be helping to flush out bacteria. Though avoid fizzy drinks as they can irritate the urinary tract.
• #1. Spot the signs: If you notice a burning sensation when you pee, an urgency or frequency to pee, don’t ignore it, as this could be cystitis. Seek advice from your pharmacist.
• #2. Don’t hold on to it: No one wants to miss out on anything, but if you need to go to the toilet, go; don’t hold on to it. Skipping when you need to toilet means that bacteria in the bladder proliferate.
• #3. Take Over-the-Counter Relief Like Effercitrate Tablets: If you have cystitis, take Effercitrate Tablets straight away. Effercitrate Tablets will provide fast, soothing relief from cystitis symptoms. Always read the label. If symptoms worsen or don’t improve within a couple of days, see your GP, pharmacist or visit a walk-in centre.
• #4. Pee after sex: Party season can mean more sex with your partner, or more sexual encounters. As sex is a key trigger for cystitis, [sex-induced cystitis accounts for around 60% of recurrent cases.[1]] It’s wise to take some preventative measures, such as washing your genital area both before and after sex. Empty your bladder after sex, and when you’re on the toilet, lean back slightly to allow the last few drops of urine to pass. Drinking a large glass of water after sex can also help by strengthening your urine flow and making it harder for bacteria to stick inside the urinary tract.
• #5. Wear breathable cotton underwear: Opt for cotton underwear as it is soft and allows the vagina to ‘breathe”. Stay clear of tight-fitting jeans or trousers
• #6. Take time out: Festive fun can be full on. Take some time out to enjoy the calm, as increased stress levels can mean lower immune levels, meaning your body is at greater risk of infections

Unwrapping Cystitis

Around a third of females will have experienced cystitis by the time they reach the age of 24,[2] and one in three women will develop a UTI during their lifetime.[3]

Cystitis is 30 times more common in women than in men.[4] This is because women have a shorter urethra, and the opening is located very close to the anus, so the passage of bacteria is easier.

Alongside burning or stinging when you pee, other cystitis symptoms can include:

• Needing to pee regularly, but passing only a little or no urine
• Cloudy, dark or strong-smelling urine
• Pain in the lower tummy
• Incontinence
• A high temperature (fever)
• Generally feeling more tired than usual or unwell

Effercitrate Tablets: Soothing Cystitis

To soothe the symptoms of cystitis and provide relief, Effercitrate Tablets are a simple, drinkable solution to take when cystitis strikes.

Available without the need for a prescription or a urine sample, the lemon and lime flavoured effervescent tablets contain the ingredient potassium citrate and citric acid, which makes the urine more alkaline, helping to soothe the bladder and urethra lining and relieve discomfort caused by the infection.

Simply dissolve two tablets into a glass of water (this is where the ingredients become active and do their job). Drink the pleasant lemon and lime solution. Relief provided from the burning irritation and discomfort caused by cystitis. Always read the label.

See your GP if:

• Your symptoms don’t improve within a few days.
• You get cystitis frequently.
• You have severe symptoms such as blood in your urine, a fever or pain in your side.
• You are pregnant and have symptoms of cystitis.
• You are a man and have symptoms of cystitis. Cystitis is much rarer in men than in women and can be a sign of more serious problems, such as kidney or bladder stones or prostate problems.
• Your child has symptoms of cystitis.

Your GP may test a sample of your urine to confirm a diagnosis of infection. For more information, visit www.effercitrate.co.uk

References

1. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16433159/
2. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK482435/
3. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20485716/
4. https://www.womenshealth.gov/a-z-topics/urinary-tract-infections

Media Contact and Further Information

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New Pain Census Report: Shocking Rise of Muscle, Joint and Back Pain  

New Pain Report Reveals An Alarmingly High 80% Of Brits Have Experienced Muscle Or Joint Pain At Some Point. Experts Recommends A Range Of Tips To Ease Aches

The nation is suffering according to a shocking new Pain Census Report[1]  by Deep Relief - the topical muscle and joint pain specialists – which has revealed that right this second, over half of Brits (51%) are in pain.[1]

 Deep Relief’s Pain Census Campaign, the results of which are shared within the report – The Shocking Rise Of Muscle, Joint And Back Pain - New Pain Census Report Uncovers The UK’s Growing Muscle And Joint Pain Problem That’s Fast-Becoming A 24/7 Health Issue – also found that 68% of Brits experience back pain while over half (52%) of Brits have had pain in their legs and 35% had pain in their knees. What’s more, is that a high 80% of Brits have experienced muscle or joint pain at some point in their life.

Pharmacist and advisor to Deep Relief, Noel Wicks says: “It’s a shame that over half of the nation is feeling pain. What’s even more alarming is the  number of young people suffering. While 54% of the people currently in pain are 55-to-60-years-old, the new Deep Relief report states that this isn’t much higher than the number of young adults currently feeling achy. Nearly half (45%) of 18-to-24-year-olds are currently in pain and 49% of 25-to-34-year-olds are feeling sore.[1]

“You’d think that young adults would be blessed with bags of energy and resilient muscles and joints, but this data says otherwise. No matter the age though, I want to make it clear that Brits do not need to live with pain and there are things that can be done to help ease aches, stiffness and general soreness.”

GP Dr Binita Kalaria, advisor to Deep Relief adds: “Nearly a third (32%) of Brits have said they’re unable to do certain activities thanks to their pain, 36% have faced disrupted exercise regimes, 20% say that their pain limits what can be done with the kids and 42% say their sleep is impacted by pain. These are just some of the issues that Brits in pain face, which is why it’s critical to take action.”[1]

In terms of sleep deprivation, this can alter the nerve signals in the brain and reduce the pain threshold. And, a lack of sleep has been shown to also hinder emotional and cognitive abilities, making it harder to cope with pain.[2] 

The Causes of Pain is Vast

In the Deep Relief Pain Census Report, a high 82% of Brits rightly believe sitting for prolonged periods can cause muscle or back pain and the same number (82%) believe that prolonged standing can cause muscle or joint pain. Plus, 41% of Brits say sitting down too much causes their back pain, and 57% say they get a sore neck from using a computer.[1]

“The way we sit and stand can put pressure on joints, leading to aches and pain,” says Noel Wicks.

In fact, 86% of Brits believe they could have better posture.[1]

As well as the above, 20% of Brits say their back pain is caused by being too active and 34% say that a sport/exercise injury has led to their muscle and/or joint pain.[1]

Noel Wicks adds: “From skipping warm ups and cool downs to exercising incorrectly – such as doing strength-based exercises with incorrect form, exercise, while being an essential of a healthy lifestyle, needs to be done properly.”

Weight is also a big factor when it comes to pain.

Research has found that as Body Mass Index (BMI) increases, joint pain symptoms and severity increase and for every 5kg of weight gain, there is a 36% increased risk for developing osteoarthritis.[3]  Worryingly, in 2022 to 2023, 64.0% of adults aged 18 years and over in England were estimated to be overweight or living with obesity.[4]  

Although there are several reasons why Brits are experiencing pain, for 52% of adults, their muscle or joint pain is inexplicable. The same number have had back pain with no reason why.[1]

The Rise of Arthritis in Young Adults

The Deep Relief Pain Census Report data makes it clear that young people are not immune to pain. Arthritis, a condition typically more common in over 40s which causes pain and inflammation in a joint, is also alarmingly high in young people.

Although the majority of people (49%) suffering from arthritis are aged 55-to-60 years old, 21% of 18- to-24-year-olds have it, 20% of 25-to 24-year-olds suffer and 23% of 35-to-44-year-olds also say they have arthritis.[1]

Overall, nearly a quarter (23%) of Brits have arthritis. The Deep Relief Pain Census Report data has also found that 9% suffer from gout and 8% suffer from ankylosing spondylitis, a type of arthritis which predominantly affects the back, causing pain and stiffness.[1]

Dr Binita Kalaria says: “Muscle and joint pain are no longer just problems for middle aged or older adults. Research in the journal Pain has found that roughly one in every nine young adults worldwide experience chronic pain.”[5]  

Noel Wicks says this raises concern over young people’s future quality of life. “In younger people, the rise of screen- based activities, whether for education, work or recreation, could be very problematic. Long hours hunched over laptops, tablets and smartphones have created the perfect storm for poor posture, muscular imbalances and strain on the spine and neck.”

Dealing with muscle and joint is a must. Yet, a high 65% have ignored muscle or joint pain and 62% have ignored their back pain.[1]

Noel Wicks points to a scientifically backed topical pain relief range, Deep Relief, which could help tackle joint and muscle pain. He explains: “Just 15% of people apply topical painkillers, but the Deep Relief range of products could ease muscle and joint pain so people can carry on living their lives more comfortably.”

Deep Relief: Topical Pain Relief for Easing Aches

The Deep Relief Duo Pain Relief Gel and Deep Relief Joint Pain Gel are the only anti-inflammatory gels in the UK which have the two pain killing ingredients – Ibuprofen and Levomenthol, with a triple-action formula.

Explaining further, Noel Wicks says: “Ibuprofen is an effective, evidence backed Non-Steroidal Anti- Inflammatory Drug (NSAID), which works on reducing pain and inflammation. Levomenthol meanwhile, works on the nerve endings in the skin, giving a soothing, cooling effect, while its counter-irritant activity stimulates the nerves that perceive cold and inhibits those that perceive pain.”

The two ingredients are combined in an aqueous gel, which adds to the soothing and cooling effect. The Deep Relief gel formulation penetrates through the skin rapidly, achieving high, therapeutically relevant local concentrations in underlying soft tissues, muscles and joints.

Deep Relief Duo Pain Relief Gel

Ideal for those who need powerful pain and inflammation relief for joint, muscles, the back, or rheumatism, this Deep Relief Duo Pain Relief Gel offers fast-cooling relief and its targeted, penetrating pain relief action starts working in 10 minutes.

Deep Relief Joint Pain Gel

For effective relief of pain associated with non-serious arthritic conditions, this Deep Relief Joint Pain Gel offers targeted pain relief which starts working in 10 minutes, helping to reduce pain and inflammation. It’s great for rheumatic pain, as well as other conditions such as muscular aches, pains, and swellings such as strains, sprains and sport injuries, plus back pain.

Deep Relief Actiflex Patch

Deep Relief have also created a non-medicated option, which contains hydrogel technology, providing targeted cooling and, soothing relief for up to 12 hours so you can get through the day or night.  The patch can be conveniently worn under clothing or while sleeping. It offers a flexible fit for joint areas such as shoulders, hips, elbows, knees, wrists and ankles.”

Three Other Ways to Support Muscle And Joints

#1. Keep moving:  The Deep Relief Pain Census Report data has shown that most Brits are aware of the dangers that staying sedentary can be –- whether that’s standing or sitting.  Noel Wicks says: “Muscle and joint stiffness is a common problem when you’re still for long periods of time. Make sure you move at least once every hour – set an alarm if you need to! Stretch, walk around…whatever you need to do to change position.” If you are dealing with pain, it’s also best to move. Research has found that staying physically active can actually reduce the severity of pain.[6]  

#2. Prioritise posture:  Many people face the wrath of bad posture. Sitting slumped over a keyboard all day for example can make muscles and joints sore and tight. So, whether you’re sitting or standing, keep your back upright, shoulders back and feet planted on the ground with weight distributed evenly.

#3. Know your pain: Despite some pain being short-lived, such as post-gym muscle soreness, Dr Binita Kalaria says that sharp or lasting pain is not normal and should be checked. “The rule of thumb is that, if it stops you from living your life as normal, don’t delay in booking an appointment with your GP.”

Noel Wick adds: “No-one is immune to pain. And that’s never been clearer than now, as the Deep Relief Pain Census Report shines a very bright light on the nation’s suffering. The best thing everyone can do, is to not only do the work to prevent muscle and joint pain, but to also have Deep Relief Duo Pain Relief Gel on hand, should pain strike. Let’s not allow pain to take over.”

References

1. The Shocking Rise Of Muscle, Joint And Back Pain - New Pain Census Report Uncovers The UK’s Growing Muscle And Joint Pain Problem That’s Fast-Becoming A 24/7 Health Issue. Edition 1; Winter 2025
2. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK19961/
3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3623013/#:~:text=As%20BMI%20values%20increase%2C%20joint%20pain%20symptoms%20and%20severity%20increase.&text=Joint%20pain%20may%20reflect%20the,increased%20risk%20for%20developing%20OA .
4. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/update-to-the-obesity-profile-on-fingertips/obesity-profile-short-statistical-commentary-may-2024#:~:text=In%202022%20to%202023%2C%2064.0,to%20be%20living%20with%20obesity .
5. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34817439/
6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5461882/

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